This chapter XI of Bibliography 7.0 contains 87 pages with ~545 titles on hydrocarbon occurrences, hydrocarbon source rocks, coal and mineral deposits, primarily of the Indonesian region. It is subdivided into four sub-chapters. Papers in this chapter tend to be of a more general or regional nature; the majority of papers on hydrocarbons, coal and mineral deposits are specific to a region or locality, and are therefore listed in the chapters of areas in which these are located.
Papers date back to the 1860's, reflecting the early interest of the colonial government and private parties in the economic potential of oil, coal and mineral deposits of Indonesia. Actual mining activity by local and Chinese miners dates back to the 1700- 1800's, especially in the gold, tin and diamond districts of Kalimantan and Sumatra.
This chapter of the bibliography contains is subdivided into four topics:
XI.1. Hydrocarbon Occurences/ Assessment
XI.2. Hydrocarbon Source Rocks, Oils and Gases
XI.3. Coal
XI.4. Minerals, Mining
The attached pdf consists of both a detailed bibliography as well as lengthy introductions for each of the sub-chapters.
Sub-chapter XI.1 of Bibliography 7.0 contains 117 references on oil and gas, mainly regional papers on plays discovered and undiscovered resources, etc. Papers on hydrocarbons or play elements in a basin, fields or wells are in the chapters in which they are located.
Indonesia has been a significant oil and gas producer since the first discoveries in North Sumatra and East Java in the late 1800's. Oil production peaked at around 1.5-1.6 MBO/day from ~1977-1998, and has been declining since then due to limited exploration successes, making Indonesia a net importer of oil since 2004. Indonesia is still a net gas exporter. An elegant overview of Indonesia's Tertiary basins and petroleum geology is Netherwood (2000).
The presence of oil and gas fields in conventional oil and gas occurences is controlled by four parameters: source, reservoir, seal and trap. Reservoir rocks, which can be any kind of porous rocks. In the Indonesian region these are predominantly sandstones (non-marine, shallow marine and deep marine), and in shallow marine carbonates, with both primary and secondary porosity. Fractured basement rocks on highs with onlapping source sediments can also be significant reservoirs locally (Sumatra, Vietnam).
A recent technological development is 'unconventional' oil and gas production, from tight source rocks like shale oil, shale gas and coalbed methane. Despite its potential and several exploration projects in Indonesia, it has not led to commercial production yet.
Early map of W Indonesia oil basins and potential additional prospective areas (Molengraaff, 1921)
Early discoveries of oil in Indonesia were made between 1885- 1900 in N and S Sumatra, E Java, Kutai, Tarakan and Seram. A detailed history of oil exploration during this time is presented by Poley (2000). For an overview of the more recent history of fields discovery and plays see Van Gorsel (2009).
SW-NE cross-section across part of the Kampung Minyak oilfield, S Sumatra (Tobler 1906)
Suggested Reading: Earliest oil-gas discoveries in Indonesia and key references
Karungan-1900, Sesanip-1900, Pamusian-1901, Bunyu-1922 (Rowley 1973, Wight et al. 1993)
North Sumatra
Telaga Said-1885 (Skeels & Cooper 1985), Darat-1892, Perlak-1899 (Skeels and Cooper 1985), Peudawah-1904, etc.
South Sumatra
Kampung Minyak-1896 (Tobler 1906), Suban Jerigi-1902, Babat-1902, etc. SeramBula-1897 (Zillman and Paten 1975, O’Sullivan et al. 1985, Kemp and Mogg 1992)
Oil- gas discoveries in the late 1960’s- early 1970’s and key references
Sunda Basin, off SE Sumatra
Cinta-1970 (Tonkin 1995), (IIAPCO)Zelda-1971, Kitty-1971, Selatan-1971 (Todd and Pulunggono 1971) Rama-1974 (Ardila and Kuswinda 1982, Tonkin et al. 1992) Krisna-1976 (Ardila 1982, Wight and Hardian 1982, Talo and Randall 1985, McChesney et al. 1992, Welcker-Haddock et al. 1996)
NW Java Arjuna basin (ARCO)
Ardjuna B-1968 (Scheidecker and Taiclet 1976), E1-1968 + 6 others by 1973 )
West Java
Jatibarang-1969 (Sutan Asin 1972, Sembodo 1973, Partakusuma & Effendi 1974, Soewono and Setyoko 1987, Kalan et al. 1994)
East Java Sea (Cities)
Poleng- 1972 (Kenyon 1977, Welker-Haddock et al. 2001)
Mahakam Delta + offshore
Bekapai-1972 (De Matharel et al. 1976, 1980, Lemoy et al. 1980) (Total)Tunu-1973 (Magnier et al. 1975, Sujatmiko et al. 1984) Handil-1974 (Magnier and Samsu 1975, Verdier et al. 1979, Bellorini et al. 1989)
Mahakam Delta (Union Oil)
Attaka-1970 (Burroughs 1972, Schwartz et al. 1973, Partono 1992, Zagalai-1994 (Trevena et al. 2003, Rosary et al. 2003) Sepinggan-1973 (Christensen et al. 1998), Serang-1973 (Clark et al. 1994)
Mahakam Delta (Huffington )
Badak-1972 (Gwinn et al. 1974, Huffington and Helmig 1980, 1990, Nurwono 1978, Hook and Wilson 2003) Nilam-1974 (Panigoro 1983, Schoell et al. 1985, Ade et al. 1988, Sidi et al. 1998, Butterworth et al. 2001)
North Sumatra (Mobil)
Arun-1971 (Alford et al. 1975, Abdullah and Jordan 1987, Houpt and Kersting 1978, Soeparjadi 1983, Jordan and Abdullah 1992, Sunaryo and Djamil 1990, Widarmayana 2007) NSO A-1972 (Graves and Weegar 1973, Alford et al. 1975, Sunaryo 1994) Lho Sukon South ‘A’ (Rory 1990)
Central Sumatra (Caltex)
Zamrud-1975
East Natuna (AGIP/ Esso)
D-Alpha-1973 (Eyles and May 1984, May and Eyles 1985, Dunn et al. 1996) Anoa-1974 (Fahman et al., 1991)
West Natuna (Conoco)
Udang-1974 (Mattes 1979)
Salawati Basin
(Petromer Trend): Kasim-1972, Walio-1973, Jaya-1973, etc. (Vincelette 1973, Redmond and Koesoemadinata 1976, Gibson-Robinson et al. 1990).
Oil- gas discoveries in new play areas/ deeper plays since 1980’s and key references
Banggai-Sula Basin, East of Sulawesi Miocene carbonates
Tiaka-1985 (Hasanusi et al. 2007), - Matindok-1988, - Senoro-1999 (Hasanusi et al. 2004), Donggi-2001 (Suherman et al. 2008)
Madura Straits Miocene carbonate buildups
BD-1987 (Kusumastuti et al. 2002), Jeruk-2004 (Santos)
Deep water Mahakam Delta/ Makassar Straits Plio-Pleistocene clastics
Gendalo-2000 (Kirschner et al. 2004, Berendson et al. 2005, Sugiaman et al. 2007); - Gula-2000, Ranggas-2001, Sadewa-2002, Gehem-2003; - West Seno (Redhead et al. 2000, Guritno et al.,2003, Gallup et al. 2005), Gandang, Maha, etc.)
Madura Straits Pliocene Globigerina calcarenites (= extension of late 1800’s onshore E Java play)
Terang-Sirasun (Noble and Henk 1996, 1998, Basden et al. 1998, 1999, Cook et al. 2003); - MDA, Oyong - Maleo-2002 (Triyana et al. 2007)
East Java Pleistocene volcanoclastic turbidites play
Wunut-1994, Carat-2001 (Kusumastuti et al. 2000, Darmoyo et al. 2001, Satyana & Armandita 2004)
Deep water Australian NW Shelf (Indonesian and East Timor segments) Middle Jurassic clastics
Abadi-2000 (Nagura et al. 2003, Matsuura et al. 2005);- Sunrise-Troubadour (Seggie et al. 2000, 2003)
Deeper plays in established basins
Sumatra- Fractured Basement below traditional Miocene clastics and carbonates play
NE Beruk-1976, Central Sumatra (Koning and Darmanto 1984); - Sumpal-1994, South Sumatra (Zeliff and Bastian, 2000, Chalik et al., 2004)
Bintuni Basin, West Papua- Jurassic sandstones below the Miocene carbonates play
Roabiba-1990, Ofaweri-1992, Wiriagar Deep-1994, Vorwata-1997 combined to form Tangguh gas development (Perkins and Livsey, 1993, Casarta et al. 2004, Robertson 2004)
NE Java onshore- Oligocene-Early Miocene carbonate buildups below traditional Mio-Pliocene clastics play
Mudi-1994, Cendana-1998, Kedung Tuban-2000, Banyu Urip-2001, Jambaran-2001, Sukowati-2001 (Satyana and Darwis 2001, Satyana 2002, 2005, Satyana and Djumlati 2003, Cahyono and Burgess 2007, White et al. 2007)
Seram- Triassic fractured carbonate play below traditional Plio-Pleistocene clastics play
East Nief-1983, Oseil-1994 (Kemp et al 1992-1996)
East Java Sea- Eocene carbonates and clastics below traditional Oligocene- Early Miocene carbonate play
Pagerungan-1985 (Phillips et al. 1991, Ebanks and Cook 1993, Kaldi et al. 1997, Musliki 1997, Takano et al. 2008)
XI.2. Hydrocarbon Source Rocks, Oils and Gases
This sub-chapter XI.2 of Bibliography 7.0 contains 141 papers on Hydrocarbon source rocks. These are primarily papers of a general or regional nature; many additional papers dealing with source rocks of specific areas are grouped under their area's chapters.
Recent regional review papers on Indonesian source rocks/ petroleum systems include Doust and Sumner (2007), Doust and Noble (2008) and Satyana (2010, 2017).
Upper Triassic bituminous shales were responsible for the tar sands of Buton, the oil seeps on Timor, and the small but commercial oil fields of NE Seram.
The patchy distribution of source facies in Indonesia makes some areas highly prolific, but other large regions non-prospective for commercial hydrocarbons. Understanding of its distribution is therefore probably the most important factor in hydrocarbon exploration.
Some suggested reading: Hydrocarbons and Source (a selective listing of significant papers)
History of Discovery
Pertamina (1986), Poley (2000)
Cenozoic basins
Beltz 1944, Koesoemadinata and Pulunggono 1974, Hamilton 1974, Hall and Morley 2004, Hall 2009, Pubellier and C.K. Morley 2014, R. Morley 2014
Hydrocarbon Occurrences
Molengraaf 1921, Beltz 1944, Schuppli 1946, Dufour 1957, Weeda 1958a b, Wennekers 1958, Koesoemadinata 1969, Beddoes 1980, 1981, Kingston 1988), Courteney et al. 1989, 1990, Caughey et al. 1994, 1995, Howes and Tisnawijaya 1995.Hutchison 1996, Pertamina BKKA 1996 series, Fraser et al. 1997, Netherwood 2000, Gunawan et al. 2008
Oil- Gas seeps
De Greve 1865, Von Baumhauer 1869, Thompson et al. 1991, MacGregor 1995, Noble et al. 2009
Oil characteristics
Von Baumhauer 1869, Escher 1920, Van Aarssen et al. 1990, 1992, Peters et al. 1999, Curiale et al. 2000 (Brunei), Curiale et al. 2005 (Kutai), Subroto et al. 2006 (Kutai)
Gas geochemistry
Satyana et al. 2007, Subroto et al. 2007
Source Rocks
Robinson 1987, Livsey et al. 1992, Ten Haven and Schiefelbein 1995, Schiefelbein et al. 1997, papers in Howes and Noble 1997, Todd et al. 1997, papers in Caughey and Howes 1999, Peters et al. 1999, Longley 2005, Saller et al. 2006, Davis et al. 2007, Satyana 2007, Doust and Sumner 2007, Doust and Noble 2008, Noble 2009, Subroto et al. 2009, Satyana 2012, 2013, 2017
Lacustrine source rocks
Gibling 1988, Katz and Mertani, 1989, Katz 1991, 1995, Williams et al. 1985, 1992, 1994, 1995, Cole and Crittenden 1997, Sladen 1997, Sudarmono et al. 1997, Carnell et al. 1998, Curiale et al. 2003, Satyana and Purwaningsih 2013, Widayat et al. 2013, 2016, Sefein et al. 2017
Coaly source rocks
Gordon 1985, Kelley et al. 1985, Thompson et al. 1994, 1995,Horsfield et al. 1988, Brown 1989, Teerman and Hwang 1989, Katz et al. 1990, MacGregor 1994, Daulay and Panggabean 2001, Saller et al. 2006, Davis et al. 2007, Sykes and Cibaj 2010.
Biomarkers
Hoffmann et al. 1984, Subroto et al. 1991, 1992, Sosrowidjojo et al. 1996, Murray et al. 1997, 1994, Peters et al. 2005, Curiale 2006, Satyana and Purwaningsih 2013, Satyana 2016
XI.3. Coal
The 152 references in sub-chapter XI.3 of Bibliography 7.0 on coal deposits are primarily papers of a general or regional nature. There are many more papers on coal deposits from certain areas, but these are in the chapters on the areas in which they are located. A major, recent review of the history of coal exploration and production in Indonesia is by Friederich and van Leeuwen (2017).
A number of papers in this chapter discuss recent exploration projects for coalbed methane gas, in South Sumatra and Kalimantan. Many of these projects have been in low-rank coals with biogenic gas. Although most authors agree on its potential, there are no plans for commercial development yet (Hadianto 2000, Stevens and Sani 2001, Hadianto and Stevens 2005, Lalean 2010, Moore 2010, 2011, Susilawati et al. 2013, Harrington 2016, etc.)
Also included are a series of papers on depositional environments of coals, i.e. the peat swamps of Borneo and Sumatra. Modern peat swamps are found mainly within ± 10° of the Equator, commonly in coastal plain settings, with a humid climate and clays substrates that enable ever-wet conditions (e.g. Page et al. 2006, 2012, Morley 2013).
Coal is an important commodity for Indonesia and occurs primarily in Tertiary deposits. The most significant coal deposits of SE Asia are in the Middle-Late Miocene of southern Sundaland (Borneo, Sumatra; Figure XI.3.1), followed by Eocene coals from the same regions.
W-E cross-section across Pengaron coal mine in Eocene coal, Barito Basin, SE Kalimantan (Hooze, 1893). This government-operated mine was the first and one of the very few underground coal mines in Indonesia.
Since the 1980's the thicker, but lower rank M-L Miocene coals (closer to lignites) have become attractive and numerous open pit mines are currently active in the in the Barito and Pasir Basins (SE Kalimantan).
Diagrammatic cross-section across part of, S Sumatra, showing transgressive backstepping of Middle Palembang Fm coals (Hartmann, 1921)
Non-commercial coal, some with some local-use exploitation, is known from the Eocene of Bayah (SW Java), SW Sulawesi and the Melawai Basin (W Kalimantan) and the Middle Miocene Ngrayong Fm (NE Java).
Cross-section of Ombilin Basin with Eocene coalbeds, W Sumatra (Verbeek, 1883)
No commercial coal deposits are known from Eastern Indonesia. Thin Miocene- Pliocene coals are present in the North New Guinea, Salawati and Bintuni basins, the latter in the appropriately named 'Steenkool Formation'.
Mesozoic coals are rare in Indonesia. Thin M Jurassic coals are present in Bintuni Basin wells, West Papua.
Permian coals are important economically in E Australia (Bowen Basin, etc.). In Indonesia relatively thin Permian coals are found in W Papua (outcrops and wells in the Birds Head and W part of the Central Range) and S Sumatra (W Jambi Basin Mengkarang Fm), but these appear to be of limited commercial value.
Suggested Reading Coal: (not a complete listing of significant papers
Coal Occurrences
De Groot 1865, Verbeek 1875, Hooze 1892, Mulhadiono et al. 1978, Bainton 1978, Koesoemadinata 1978, 2000, 2002, Prijono 1988, 1989, Soehandojo 1989, Horkel 1990, Friedrich et al. 1995, 1999, 2009, 2016, Cook and Daulay 2000, Daulay et al. 2000, Nas 2003, 2005, Friederich and van Leeuwen 2017
Kutai Basin
Hooze 1887, 1888, Van Leeuwen and Muggeridge, 1987, 1988, Land and Jones 1987, .Nas 1994, Daulay 1994, Ilyas 2003, Situmorang et al. 2006, Suwarna and Hermanto 2007, Daulay et al. 2015
SE Kalimantan
Schwaner 1857, Renaud 1874, Verbeek 1875, Hooze 1888, 1893, Gollner 1924, Sigit 1962, 1963, Panggabean 1991, 1994, Moore & Ferm 1992, Friedrich et al. 1996,Milligan et al. 1996, Satyana et al. 2000.
Verbeek 1875, Wally 1939, Whateley and Jordan 1989.
SE Asia peat swamps
Polak 1933, 1952, 1975, Anderson 1964, Van de Meene 1984, Sieffermann et al. 1987, 1988, Calvert et al. 1991, Dehmer 1993, Neuzil et al. 1993, 1997, Esterle and Ferm 1994, Staub and Esterle 1994, Shearer et al. 1994, Friederich et al. 1999, 2009, 2016, Gastaldo et al. 1993, Page et al. 2004, 2006, 2012, Wust et al. 2007, Gastaldo 2010, Morley 2013.
Coal Petrography
Daulay 1985, 1998, Daulay and Cook 1988, Moore and Ferm 1988, Hutton et al. 1994
XI.4. Minerals, Mining
This sub-chapter XI.4 of Bibiography 7.0 lists 137 papers on mineral deposits that are of a general or regional nature. As for the previous chapters on hydrocarbons and coal, the vast majority of papers on economic mineral deposits is on individual occurrences, and can be found in the chapters on the areas in which they are located. A metallogenic map of Indonesia was published by the Geological Survey (Harahap and Abidin 2013).
Mineral deposits are generally closely related to magmatic- tectonic events. Westerveld (1939, 1949) characterized the metal ore occurrences in Indonesia:as 3 or 4 main provinces:
1. Tin mineralization of Bangka and Billition islands, associated with Triassic granites;
2. Gold-silver mineralization on Sumatra and Java, associated with Cretaceous and post-Miocene intrusives
3. Nickel and lateritic iron ores, associated with peridotites of East Sulawesi and Banda Arc.
Suggested Reading Mineral deposits : (not a complete listing of significant papers)
General reviews
Westerveld 1939, 1949, Ter Braake 1944, Van Bemmelen 1949, Sigit et al. 1969, Katili 1973, Gatinsky et al. 1978, Hutchison & Taylor 1978,Mitchell 1986, Carlile and Mitchell 1994, Sillitoe 1994,1997,2010, Van Leeuwen 1994, Van Leeuwen, and Pieters 2013 (Sulawesi)
Gold, tectonic controls
Taylor and Van Leeuwen 1980, Sunarya 1989, 1992, White et al. 1995, Soeria-Atmadja et al. (1998), Garwin 1997, 2005, Corbett and Leach 1998, MacPherson and Hall 1999, 2002, Hartono 2009, Barley et al. 2002, Blundell 2002, Garwin et al. 2005, 2013, Maryono et al. 2014, 2018
Tin
De Groot 1852, 1887, Posewitz 1886, Rolker 1891, Verbeek 1897, Van den Broek 1921, Bothe 1924, 1925, Zwierzycki,1933, Wing Easton 1937, Westerveld 1937, 1941, Adam 1960, Krol 1960, Van Overeem 1960, Cissarz and Baum 1960, Osberger 1965, 1967, 1968,, Aleva et al. 1973, 1985, Kanayama 1973, Hosking 1971, 1979, 1986, 2015, Omer-Cooper et al. 1974, Mitchell 1977, 1979, Sujitno 1977, 1981, Batchelor 1983,1988, Hutchison 1983, 1988, U. Ko Ko 1984, Soeria-Atmadja et al. 1986, Pitfield 1987, Ruswandi 1988, Schwartz and Surjono 1990, 1991, Schwartz et al. 1995, Abidin 1999-2005, Dirk 2013.
Nickel, chromite
Dieckmann 1919, 1925, Adam 1922, INCO 1972, Suparka 1977, Sopaheluwakan 1985, Rafiantoand Tutuko 2010, Ernowo and Oktaviani 2010, Permanadewi et al. 2017.
Diamonds
Halewijn 1838, Croockewit 1852, Posewitz 1885, Wing Easton 1894, 1895, 1933, Gascuel 1901, Doorman 1906, Krol 1922, Hovig 1930, Witkamp 1932, Koolhoven 1933, 1935, Bergman et al. 1987, 1988, Taylor et al. 1990, Burgath and Mohr 1991, Spencer et al. 1988, Aziz 1999, 2004, 2007, Tay et al. 2005, Graham et al. 2006, Smith et al. 2009, Kadarusman 2010, Van Leeuwen 2014, Kueter et al. 2016, White et al. 2016, Shen et al. 2017
